As several studies have found, Chinese AI Models Spread Propaganda Globally,

The Estonian Foreign Intelligence Service’s 2026 International Security Report, an audit by the non-profit Policy Genome and a detailed study funded by the Swedish Psychological Defence Agency highlight how leading Chinese models such as DeepSeek, Alibaba’s Qwen family [which is also used by Proton], and Moonshot’s Kimi embed content controls that extend well beyond China’s domestic political sensitivities.

A very good study has also been published in September last year, showing how the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) ideological priorities influence user-facing outputs.

The study makes a very insightful read, providing meaningful comparison as identical prompt-based tests were conducted on domestic Chinese AI systems—such as DeepSeek, Doubao, and Ernie Bot—as well as on Western AI models to assess how they handle the same questions.

And these are just 4 out of many more.