This may or may not help. But I'll give you the basic steps using wine only and no Proton magic to run a game from disk:

• Create an empty folder to be your wineprefix (emulated system folder) or use the default.
• run WINEPREFIX=[full path to new folder] winecfg command in terminal (just winecfg if you will use the default prefix).
• mount your CD so that you can see it in your file browser. (Might be simply clicking that device in the file browser when a CD is in the drive bay)
• In the winecfg set drive D: to point to the folder where you mounted the CD.
• run the CD installer with wine... e.g WINEPREFIX=/some/path wine /media/something/cdrom1/setup.exe, install the game to C:
• run the game with WINE on the same prefix and with the CD inserted and mounted (if there are resources on the CD or basic DRM) e.g. WINEPREFIX=/some/path wine '/some/path/drive_c/Program Files (x86)/Cool Game/coolgame.exe
• if that works, you might be able to create an image of the disc and mount that instead of the physical CD, you'd then rerun winecfg and set D: to the correct folder where the disk image is mounted.