I 100% agree, I’ve adblocked all my devices and refuse to be advertised to in general. I only commented this because I’m at my parent’s house watching cable with them and those are the only ads I’m ever exposed to.

Theres a difference between goofy and actually funny/smart. The goof stuff is just cringe and offputting.

I miss funny ads. Everything is so sanitized and boring, bring the humour back! If you want my attention or business get creative! make me remember!

This would fit right in in Control

I always assumed we follow school/driving rules, always stay on the right. I live in Toronto and I’ve noticed the sidewalks and bike lanes just devolve into a free-for-all. Or when a group of 5 all take up the entire sidewalk and theres no where for anyone to go.

Hudson bay liquidation be like

same. My field is biology but I love stars, planets, black holes, all that primordial shit you can just inject it straight into my veins I can’t get enough. I took an astronomy elective in university and it was pretty fun.

And science in general. Those NIH cuts are insane.

space is nuts.

Just like that, everything used to just glow pink and green like a mini putt course.

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Ha! My background is science, honestly I just plug everything into endnote and it does it for me I can’t be bothered to learn the format.

Chicago, APA and MLA are different citation standards. At the end of books or papers you will see a bunch of references and they are all in the same format, these standards dictate the order of information (eg title, author, chapter, volume, page number…)

MAHA is also an acronym for micro-angiopathic hemolytic anemia, maybe thats what he meant the whole time.

Is this a tax/insurance thing?

I don’t think you can do that with a single population of cells. Theres a group of cells that sample antigens and process them for presentation then a separate group of cells that the first group will present the antigen to. Once presented there are a set of standardized regions related to the class of antibody then a set of “hypervariable” regions. You would need an organoid/organ system to accomplish this in vitro or ex vivo. Most of the time it will be a macrophage or something that for example ingests a live bacteria (or venom), it will register this as foreign, process the particle and travel to a lymph node where all the immunology takes place (B cells). I don’t think theres a simple way to recreate this in the lab its completely different from synthesizing chemicals since each antibody is fine-tuned to its antigen. You might even get different antibodies generated for the same compound depending on how everything went down and which region was presented (eg monoclonal vs poloclonal products).

Thanks for the explainer! My lab specializes in IHC so I’m generally familiar with ag-ab interactions but not so much with antibody development. Its fascinating!

To my knowledge its easy to do this with proteins that are directly coded for in our genes. For example there is a gene for insulin so we can clip it, transfect it into a cell culture and get those cells to crank out a bunch of insulin that we can extract, purify and make into a usable, stable product. The problem with antibodies is that we need to be exposed to an antigen capable of stimulating the development of the corresponding antibody. There is a very complicated set of receptors that capture the antigen, internalize and process it to present it to cells that will modify a whole bunch stuff (Thats the limit of my personal knowledge) to generate an antibody capable of neutralizing that substance. In short you still need a living being with some sort of immune system capable of processing that compound and generating an antibody to it, its unbelievably complicated. The good news is once that cell starts cranking out antibody it starts to clone itself so we can extract it, make a hybridoma (fuze the antibody-producing cell from a live animal with immortal cancer cells to create an immortal hybrid that cranks out the desired antibody) then we can continue with the process in cell culture as per usual. Its just cheaper and easier to use live animals with high titre to that antibody. Source: I’ve taken a couple immunology courses and my lab specializes in immunohistochemistry so I’m quite familiar with antigen/antibody interactions but not so much with antibody production.

The immune system is super complicated but essentially when an animal or person are exposed to some sort of substance white blood cells sample that compound and create an antibody that is tailored to bind and neutralize it. Different substances range in their ability to induce this response and it often takes repeat exposures to get the titre to high enough levels. So one way or another some sort of animal needs to be exposed to the venom whether it be horse, goat or mouse and we would harvest the antibody for use in emergency situations where we need to immediately reverse the effects of a snake bite.

Another way would be to do this in cell culture but I’m not quite sure how that works, I think thats easier to do when the proteins are directly coded for like insulin or something. You could probably harvest B cell clones that produce the antibody to the venom, make them immortal and harvest it that way but I’m less familiar with that sort of wok so I can’t really comment further.

In animal research we often refer to genotype and phenotype. Genotype refers to the set of genes the animals the animals carry (what they are capable of expressing) and phenotype refers to the physical/clinical expression/presentation/characteristics of the animal or disease state. My guys were all “wild type” meaning they’re just “normal” standard mice and we induced the “obese phenotype” (obese disease state with the associated characteristics and physical presentation associated with the disease) with the two high fat diets. 60% had a greater impact on inducing these changes compared to the control group than the 40% group.