I'm looking forward to hearing all the people that say raising taxes would lead to all the talented people leaving the country addressing this.*
Realistically I understand that they're all talentless lying bastard failsons that just wanted to make more passive income from their family's wealth and no journalist will ever challenge them on it.
If there's something you want to search by in a database, you should index it.
Indexing will create an ordered data structure that will allow much faster queries. If you were looking for the username gazter in an unindexed column, it would have to check literally every username entry. In a table of 1000000 entries it would check 1000000 times.
In an indexed column it might do something like ask to be pointed to every name beginning with "g", then of those ask to be pointed to every name with the second letter "a" and so on. It would find out where in the database gazter is by checking only six times.
Substring matching is much more computationally difficult as it has to pull out each potentially matching value and run it through a function that checks if gazter exists somewhere in that value. Basically if you find yourself doing it you need to come up with a better plan.
Cartesian explosion would be when your query ends up doing a shit load of redundant work. Like if the query to load this thread were to look up all the posters here, get all their posts, get the threads from those posts and filter on the thread id.