Automakers pool with EV makers to avoid EU emissions fines

Japan's Nissan in October pooled with Chinese EV giant BYD

Another pool was formed at the end of September by South Korea's KG Mobility and Chinese EV maker Xpeng

In January, Tesla formed a pool with Stellantis, Toyota, Ford, Chinese EV maker Leapmotor, Mazda and Subaru. Japan's Honda and Suzuki joined the pool in March.

This pool was also formed in January to include Mercedes, Volvo Car, EV maker Polestar and Smart Automobile.